How Are States Represented in the House of Representatives
"Representatives and straight Taxes shall exist apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Wedlock, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of complimentary Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, iii fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the offset Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of x Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed 1 for every thirty 1000, just each State shall take at Least one Representative…"
— U.Due south. Constitution, Article I, section two, clause 3
"Representatives shall be apportioned amongst the several States co-ordinate to their corresponding numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each Country, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United states, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-i years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the footing of representation therein shall exist reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall carry to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State."
— U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, section 2
The Constitution provides for proportional representation in the U.S. House of Representatives and the seats in the Firm are apportioned based on state population according to the constitutionally mandated Census. Representation based on population in the Business firm was i of the most important components of the Federal Ramble Convention of 1787.
Origins
The American Revolution was, in office, a contest most the very definition of representation. In England, the House of Commons represented every British subject regardless of whether the subject could actually vote for its membership. In this sense, most people living in areas under British rule—including N America—were merely "near represented" in Parliament. American colonists, who were used to controlling their local affairs in the directly-elected colonial legislatures, lacked a voice in Parliament and resented the British policies imposed on them. Thus, they rallied behind the now familiar motto: "No taxation without representation!"
Later on the war, the founders struggled to design a organisation of regime to ameliorate represent the inhabitants of the new land than did the British model which once governed them. The Manufactures of Confederation created the start national congress to stand for the interests of the states: each state would appoint between two and seven delegates to the congress, and each land delegation would have one vote.
Constitutional Framing
/tiles/not-collection/i/i_origins_proport_repres_hres_127_14_th_nara.xml 14th Amendment, Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration The 14th Subpoena alleged that all persons born or naturalized in the U.Southward. were citizens and that whatsoever state that denied or abridged the voting rights of males over the age of 21 would be subject to proportional reductions in its representation in the U.Due south. House of Representatives. Approved by the 39th Congress (1865–1867) equally H.J. Res. 127; ratified by the states on July 9, 1868.
The Constitutional Convention addressed multiple concerns in the process of designing the new Congress. The first was the relationship of the least populous states to the nearly populous. The boxing between big and small states colored most of the Convention and nearly ended hopes of creating a national government. Pennsylvania Consul Benjamin Franklin summed upwards the disagreement: "If a proportional representation takes identify, the pocket-sized States contend that their liberties will exist in danger. If an equality of votes is to be put in its place, the large States say their money will be in danger. When a broad table is to exist made, and the edges of planks do not fit the artist takes a little from both, and makes a adept joint." The "proficient joint" that emerged from weeks of stalemate was called the "Great Compromise" and created a bicameral legislature with a House, where membership was determined past state population, and a Senate, where each state had two seats regardless of population. The compromise enabled the Convention, teetering on the brink of dissolution, to continue.
The Convention determined that a Census of the population conducted every ten years would enable the Firm to adjust the distribution of its Membership on a regular basis. The method, notwithstanding, proved controversial. Southern delegates argued that their slaves counted in the population, yielding them more than Representatives. Northern delegates countered that slaves were property and should not exist counted at all. The result was the notorious "Iii-Fifths Compromise," where slaves were counted every bit three-fifths of a complimentary person. Having originated in taxation policy, this rule was defended during the Convention as a necessary compromise given the "peculiar" land of slaves as both property and "moral" individuals field of study to criminal police. Virginia's James Madison wrote in Federalist 54 that the reasoning appeared "to be a petty strained in some points" but "fully reconciles me to the scale of representation, which the Convention have established."
Representation was likewise linked to taxation. Before federal income taxes or tariffs, the states contributed to the national government with local taxes, oft flat poll taxes on each citizen. Since constitutional framers had to provide for the funding of the new authorities, they debated the proper relationship betwixt representation and revenue enhancement. Several delegates argued that geographic size or useable farmland were ameliorate measures of state wealth than mere population. Delegates, nonetheless, settled on proportional contributions based on population and, by extension, the number of Members in the Business firm of Representatives. Large states, with more human capital, should contribute more acquirement to the national regime and also take more than seats in the legislature equally a outcome. This fulfilled the promise of the American Revolution: taxation with representation.
14th Subpoena
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified after the Ceremonious War, began to remedy the "original sin" of the Constitution, and ordered the Census to fully count every individual regardless of peel color. While it was a step in the right direction, it did little to ease the country's racial tensions. Moreover, instead of direct providing for the enfranchisement of African Americans, the amendment stipulated that only males over the age of 21 could not exist discriminated against when voting unless they had participated in rebellion against the Union or "other crime." Women were not enfranchised until 1920, when the 19th Amendment stipulated that "the right of citizens of the Us to vote shall not exist denied or abridged . . . on account of sex activity." In 1971, the 26th Subpoena enfranchised those 18 years of age and older. The latter amendments, withal, did non alter congressional apportionment.
Electric current Practice
Congress has capped the number of Representatives at 435 since the Circulation Deed of 1911 except for a temporary increment to 437 during the admission of Hawaii and Alaska equally states in 1959. As a result, over the final century, congressional districts have more than than tripled in size—from an average of roughly 212,000 inhabitants after the 1910 Census to about 710,000 inhabitants following the 2010 Census. Each land's congressional delegation changes as a issue of population shifts, with states either gaining or losing seats based on population. While the number of House Members for each country is determined according to a statistical formula in federal police force, each state is then responsible for designing the shape of its districts and so long as information technology accords with various provisions of the Voting Rights Human action of 1965, which seeks to protect racial minorities' voting and representation rights.
For Further Reading
U.S. Census Bureau. U.South. Department of Commerce. "About Congressional Apportionment." http://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/well-nigh/.
Eagles, Charles Westward. Democracy Delayed: Congressional Reapportionment and Urban–Rural Conflict in the 1920s. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Printing, 2010.
Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Rev. ed. four vols. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1937).
Madison, James, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay. The Federalist Papers. (New York: Penguin Books, 1987).
Reid, John Phillip. The Concept of Representation in the Age of the American Revolution. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
Rossiter, Clinton. 1787: The Grand Convention. (New York: Macmillan, 1966)(.
Tate, Katherine. Blackness Faces in the Mirror: African Americans and Their Representatives in the U.S. Congress. (Princeton: Princeton Academy Press, 2003).
Source: https://history.house.gov/Institution/Origins-Development/Proportional-Representation/
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